US Driver
New York graduated licensing: permit, junior license, full license
New York's graduated license law applies only to drivers under 18. Under 18 the steps are a junior learner permit, then a junior license (Class DJ), then a senior license (Class D). The minimum age is 16 for a Class DJ permit and 18 for a Class D license, or 17 if you have a Driver Education Certificate of Completion (MV-285).
Waiting time: if you are under 18, you must wait at least 6 months from the date of your permit before the road test. For applicants 18 or older, DMV does not state a minimum waiting time.
Road tests: you take one road test. A junior license changes to a senior license without a new test: at 17 if you bring the MV-285, or automatically by mail at 18.
Supervisor: DMV says a learner permit holder must drive with a supervising driver aged 21 or older who holds a valid license for that kind of vehicle. DMV's pages describe who counts as supervisor differently: the Driver's Manual puts "parent, guardian or driving instructor" under the rules for all permit holders, while the learner permit restrictions page lists it only for junior permits under 18.
Other limits for junior drivers are listed on DMV's learner permit restrictions and graduated license pages. They include passenger limits and a 9 PM to 5 AM driving limit that is different in New York City, Long Island and the rest of the state.
Adults: all new drivers, including adults, must take the 5-hour pre-licensing course. DMV states no minimum waiting time and no practice-hours log for adults. If you are 18 or older when you pass the road test, you are on a 6-month probation.
DMV's pages do not say how long it takes in total to get a full license.